Thursday, November 16, 2017

The Pawnee-Arikara Clade

A brief addendum to my previous post.  In it, I invented two temporary coined terms for the sake of convenience, to make communication easier: I coined "Panaic" to refer to the clade of Caddoan peoples and languages that includes Pawnee and Arikara (who share a relatively-recent common ancestor), and "Minnetaric" for the same reason viz. Crow, Hidatsa, and Mandan.  I used these terms because I was writing about prehistory, and needed a way to refer to two present-day groups' common ancestor, before they differentiated into their respective identities, in a concise manner.  I did not know whether any other terms had ever been used by Real Scholars™ for these groups.

I've since found a couple plausible substitutions for my "Panaic".  The first is a diagram of the Caddoan language family tree, from Wallace Chafe's The History and Geography of the Caddo Language (2004), wherein the term "Pawneean" is used:


The second is from Douglas Parks' Bands and Villages of the Arikara and Pawnee (1979):

"In this paper I shall use "Panian" as a cover term to include the Arikara, Skiri, and all of the other bands of Pawnee; i.e., all of the Pawnee groups north of the Wichita.  I prefer this term to the use of the name Pawnee, since I want to distinguish between the contemporary Pawnee tribe and the larger number of formerly autonomous groups that developed from Proto-Panian, the Ursprache of these bands." (endnote 1)

Of the two homophonous terms, "Pawneean" and "Panian", I prefer the latter because its distinct spelling helps avoid being misinterpreted as referring solely to the Pawnee—I have seen people make similar mistakes with names like "Caddoan" and "Siouan", mistakenly believing them to just be adjectives referring to the Caddo and Sioux, respectively.  So, then I now have a "real" term to use in place of my temporary coinage of "Panaic".  Here are the relevant maps from the last post, updated:



 

No luck yet on finding a legitimate substitute for "Minnetaric", which is a shame since that was the weaker of the two coinages.¹  I had based it on "Minnetaree," an old designation of the Hidatsa which comes from the Mandans' name for them, but had mistakenly thought it was also cognate with the name "Mandan" (which either comes from Assiniboine "Mayatani" or from Lakota Miwátʰani, depending on who you ask).²  Since it isn't, that makes it a less-fitting term that I previously thought... but until I find a suitable replacement, it will have to do.







Notes

¹ Actually, there is "Missouri River Siouan", but that's just... too much of a mouthful.  It also doesn't sound specific enough—someone who isn't familiar with terminology might assume it refers to any Siouans that ever inhabited the Missouri River, which would include e.g. the Omaha and the Lakota.

² Full disclosure: I don't actually know with 100% certainty that Mandan "Minitari" isn't cognate with Assiniboine "Mayatani" and/or Lakota Miwátʰani³—I don't have access to any good Mandan or Assiniboine dictionaries, so I'm unable to check right now.  "Minitari" is usually said to mean "they crossed the water", and Miwátʰani "owl feathers", but I'm not sure how much trust or import to give either etymology.

³ Footnoteception: the italics indicate that the spelling is from a legit linguistic source—in this case, Bruce Ingham's Lakota-English Dictionary.  The quotation marks indicate a probably-deficient-in-some-way transcription from a non-linguistic source.

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